Comparison of the printed and online administration of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the traditional printed form of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire with a proposed online form in terms of validity, reliability, and applicability. METHODS: A crossover design study was conducted with 157 undergraduate students. Half of the sample answered the printed questionnaire first and then answered the online questionnaire 7 days later, while the other half of the sample did the inverse. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency of both the online and printed questionnaires. The construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, using a weighted least square mean and adjusted variance estimation and oblique rotation. The quality of the model was tested with fit indices. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed the 19-item structure with five factors: χ2 of 230.718; degrees of freedom of 142; χ2/degrees of freedom of 1.625; comparative fit index of 0.978 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.073. All items presented factorial loads above 0.5. There was also excellent consistency between the formats of administration in all dimensions, with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70. The stability between the formats of administration varied between 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85) and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77-0.89), suggesting desirable confidence between both formats of administration. CONCLUSION: The five-factor model of the online Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire shows internal consistency both in terms of the scale dimensions as well as in terms of the total items.

Comparison of the printed and online administration of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) / Comparação da administração impressa e on-line do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2)

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the traditional printed form of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire with a proposed online form in terms of validity, reliability, and applicability. Methods: A crossover design study was conducted with 157 undergraduate students. Half of the sample answered the printed questionnaire first and then answered the online questionnaire 7 days later, while the other half of the sample did the inverse. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency of both the online and printed questionnaires. The construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, using a weighted least square mean and adjusted variance estimation and oblique rotation. The quality of the model was tested with fit indices. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed the 19-item structure with five factors: χ2 of 230.718; degrees of freedom of 142; χ2/degrees of freedom of 1.625; comparative fit index of 0.978 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.073. All items presented factorial loads above 0.5. There was also excellent consistency between the formats of administration in all dimensions, with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70. The stability between the formats of administration varied between 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85) and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77-0.89), suggesting desirable confidence between both formats of administration. Conclusion: The five-factor model of the online Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire shows internal consistency both in terms of the scale dimensions as well as in terms of the total items.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a forma tradicional impressa do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire com uma proposta de formulário on-line, em termos de validade, confiabilidade e aplicabilidade. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento cruzado (crossover) realizado com 157 estudantes universitários de graduação. Metade da amostra respondeu primeiro ao questionário impresso e, 7 dias depois, ao questionário on-line, enquanto a outra metade da amostra fez o inverso. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi usado para analisar a consistência interna dos questionários on-line e impressos. A validade de construção foi verificada por análise fatorial confirmatória, utilizando-se um estimador de mínimos quadrados ajustados pela média e variância e rotação oblíqua. A qualidade do modelo foi testada com índices de ajuste. Resultados: A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou a estrutura de 19 itens com cinco fatores: χ2 de 230,718; graus de liberdade de 142; χ2/grau de liberdade de 1,625; índice de ajuste comparativo de 0,978 e raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação de 0,073. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,5. Também houve excelente consistência entre os formatos de administração em todas as dimensões, com valores de alfa de Cronbach acima de 0,70. A estabilidade entre os formatos de administração variou entre 0,78 (IC95%: 0,69-0,85) e 0,84 (IC95%: 0,77-0,89), sugerindo confiança desejável entre os dois formatos de administração. Conclusão: O modelo de cinco fatores do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire on-line apresenta consistência interna tanto em relação às dimensões da escala quanto em relação ao total de itens.

Factors Associated With Medication Adherence In Elderly Retired Outpatients In São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate medication adherence and associated socioeconomic factors in elderly Brazilians. METHODOLOGY: This observational study was conducted with 159 elderly retired in an outpatient clinic in the city of São Paulo. Treatment adherence was assessed with the questions from the Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Questionnaire, and medications were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system. Statistical tests and adjusted Poisson regression models were used to analyze variables. RESULTS: The study population was mostly female (67.5%), had an average age of, and took an average of 6.5 medications per day. The most commonly used drugs were agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (67.9%), statins (62.3%), antithrombotic agents (48.4%), and biguanides (37.1%) for the treatment of hypertension (76.7%), dyslipidemia (54.1%), and diabetes (47.8%). The rate of adherence was below 60% in the groups of participants that were analyzed except for the high household income category, which had a rate of 75.8%. CONCLUSION: Medication adherence among the elderly was low in all categories except for the high household income category, a relevant finding that will help to understand medication adherence patterns in elderly Brazilians.

Factors Associated With Medication Adherence In Elderly Retired Outpatients In São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate medication adherence and associated socioeconomic factors in elderly Brazilians. Methodology: This observational study was conducted with 159 elderly retired in an outpatient clinic in the city of São Paulo. Treatment adherence was assessed with the questions from the Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Questionnaire, and medications were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system. Statistical tests and adjusted Poisson regression models were used to analyze variables. Results: The study population was mostly female (67.5%), had an average age of, and took an average of 6.5 medications per day. The most commonly used drugs were agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (67.9%), statins (62.3%), antithrombotic agents (48.4%), and biguanides (37.1%) for the treatment of hypertension (76.7%), dyslipidemia (54.1%), and diabetes (47.8%). The rate of adherence was below 60% in the groups of participants that were analyzed except for the high household income category, which had a rate of 75.8%. Conclusion: Medication adherence among the elderly was low in all categories except for the high household income category, a relevant finding that will help to understand medication adherence patterns in elderly Brazilians.